500 MB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 512 Kbps
- Coverage
- Germany only
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
Your Germany eSIM is ready
# ESIM FOR Germany
Globalia eSIM for Germany
- Prepaid plans
- No physical SIM
- Install before you fly
Available networks
O2, Vodafone
5G
Technical details
Unlimited plans include a daily high-speed allowance
After that allowance, data continues at the stated reduced speed and resets daily.
Activation
Starts automatically when arriving in Germany
Install once before you travel
Choose your data plan
Plans for Germany
Compare data, trip length, and coverage at a glance. Every option below works in Germany.
Passes from $0.43/day
29 unlimited passes availableStart with a Germany-only plan, or choose broader coverage for a multi-country trip.
Activates when you arriveEvery pass includes a daily high-speed allowance that resets each day, then keeps you online at a reduced speed. Pick a pass, then choose how many days you need on the next screen.
Germany only
6 passesWorks only in Germany. The lowest daily prices if your trip stays in one country.
Lowest price per day 1 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Germany only
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
2 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Germany only
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
3 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Germany only
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
5 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 512 Kbps
- Coverage
- Germany only
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
10 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 512 Kbps
- Coverage
- Germany only
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
Germany + more countries
21 passesOne eSIM for Germany and the other countries each pass lists. Passes with a similar country count can cover different countries, so check the list before you choose.
- Why can a smaller pass cost more? 300 MB / day across 34 countries is $0.70/day, while 500 MB / day in Germany only is $0.43/day. The difference pays for the extra countries, not extra data.
300 MB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 34 countries
See all 34 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
500 MB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 34 countries
See all 34 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
500 MB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 41 countriesUnlike other 41-country passes: adds Guernsey · no Morocco
See all 41 countries
Åland Islands, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
1 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 34 countries
See all 34 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
1 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 41 countriesUnlike other 41-country passes: adds Guernsey · no Morocco
See all 41 countries
Åland Islands, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
1 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 41 countriesUnlike other 41-country passes: adds Morocco · no Guernsey
See all 41 countries
Åland Islands, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
Show 15 more Germany + more countries passes
1 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 33 countries
See all 33 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
1 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 35 countriesNot included: France
See all 35 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
1.5 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 34 countries
See all 34 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
2 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 34 countries
See all 34 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
2 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 41 countriesUnlike other 41-country passes: adds Morocco · no Guernsey
See all 41 countries
Åland Islands, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Morocco, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
2 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 41 countriesUnlike other 41-country passes: adds Guernsey · no Morocco
See all 41 countries
Åland Islands, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
2 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 33 countries
See all 33 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
2 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 35 countriesNot included: France
See all 35 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
3 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 128 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 34 countries
See all 34 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye, Ukraine, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
3 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 33 countries
See all 33 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
3 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 1 Mbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 35 countriesNot included: France
See all 35 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
5 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 33 countries
See all 33 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
5 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 512 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 35 countriesNot included: France
See all 35 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
10 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 33 countries
See all 33 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
10 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 512 Kbps
- Coverage
- Europe · 35 countriesNot included: France
See all 35 countries
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
Global
2 passesWorks in Germany and 116+ other countries on one eSIM, for trips across several regions.
1 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Global · 117 countries
See all 117 countries
Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo - Brazzaville, Congo - Kinshasa, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Eswatini, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hong Kong SAR China, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Zambia
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
2 GB / day
High-speed data · resets daily
- After the allowance
- Unlimited data at 384 Kbps
- Coverage
- Global · 117 countries
See all 117 countries
Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo - Brazzaville, Congo - Kinshasa, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Eswatini, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hong Kong SAR China, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Türkiye, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Zambia
- Networks in Germany
- O2 · Vodafone
- Trip length
- Choose 1–90 days
Check that your device supports eSIM before checkout.
Secure payment · prices shown in USD
Country details
Country details
Available networks
O2, Vodafone
5G
Technical details
Unlimited plans include a daily high-speed allowance
After the allowance, data continues at the stated reduced speed and resets daily
Activation
Starts automatically when arriving to Germany
Activates automatically when arriving in Germany
Pay as you go or data plans
Pick what works best for you
Select from flexible options designed for quick trips or extended stays in Germany. Reliable, ready, and easy to manage.
Pay as You Go
Pay for what you use and save the remaining balance for your next trip.
Data Plan
Buy mobile data plans for data-heavy needs or longer trips.
Coverage
Valid globally
Only in a country or region
Expiration
No expiration
Plan validity shown at checkout
Mobile data
Use Globalia Credits
Buy fixed data plans
In-app calls
Calls from your Globalia balance
Data only
NEW
Globalia Numbers available for Germany
Get a dedicated phone number for international calls and SMS. Manage numbers, data, and credits in one Globalia account.
Explore nowConversation line
+44 7700 900123
Subscribe for calls and SMS. Cancel anytime.
Make calls with your caller ID.
Send and receive SMS using Globalia Numbers.
Description
Germany's cellular network is dense and fast in urban areas but notoriously patchy on rural Autobahn stretches. A roamgo eSIM picks the strongest signal available wherever you are — no manual switching, no roaming-charge surprises after your Berlin-to-Munich ICE trip.
After purchase, your Globalia eSIM details are delivered digitally. Install before you travel, then connect to a fast and stable internet connection in Germany.
It's connectivity that fits your needs
Business travellers between Frankfurt and Munich; tourists hitting Berlin, the Black Forest, and Neuschwanstein; Oktoberfest visitors needing reliable rideshare data.
Stay connected everywhere
Data, phone numbers, international calls and SMS. All in one app.
One balance for everything
Top up once and use your credits for data, calls, and SMS.
Single Global eSIM
Roams onto Deutsche Telekom, Vodafone Deutschland, and O2 Telefónica. Telekom has the broadest rural coverage; O2 is often the cheapest underlying carrier but weaker in the Alps.
Local tip
ICE high-speed trains have onboard Wi-Fi but it's congested — cellular data is usually faster, except in the long tunnels through the Erzgebirge and around Frankfurt Airport.
Connection information
How does Globalia eSIM work?
Data plans and pay as you go use a single global eSIM, so you do not need to install a new eSIM for every country.
How does my data plan activate?
Activation timing depends on the selected Germany plan. Check its Starts field before checkout: validity may begin at purchase, installation, or first supported-network connection.
What happens when my data plan expires?
You can add another plan or switch to your available Globalia balance when pay as you go is enabled.
Can I make calls with Globalia?
Yes. Calls are handled through Globalia Credits and work alongside your data plan.
Can I use data plans for calls?
Data plans are for mobile data. Calls and SMS use Globalia Credits or Globalia Numbers.
How to use Globalia
Start in just a few steps
1
Choose a data plan
Pick a country data plan or add Globalia Credits to your account.
2
Install your eSIM once
Install before you fly and keep the same Globalia eSIM for future trips.
3
Arrive connected
Your eSIM connects automatically when you reach the destination.
Single Global eSIM. 200+ destinations
Change countries, not eSIMs or plans. Globalia switches between countries and networks automatically.
Featured Globalia travel destinations
Globalia, your all-in-one app for global connectivity: data, calls, SMS and numbers worldwide.
Mobile data Numbers Calls SMS